Newspaper Sections and Terms

Many people become interested in reading the newsaper as young adults. Students may be required to read the newspaper to search for current events or to research sources. The newspaper can be daunting for beginners. These terms and tips can help readers understand the parts of a newspaper and help them decide what information could be helpful when conducting research. Front Page The first page of a newspaper includes the title, all the publication information, the index, and the main stories that will capture the most attention. The major story of the day will be placed in the most prominent position and contain a large, bold-faced headline. The topic could be of a national scope or it could be a local story. Folio The folio includes the publication information and is often located under the name of the paper. This information includes the date, volume number, and price. News Article A news article is a report on an event that has taken place. Articles may include a byline, body text, photo, and caption. Typically, newspaper articles that appear closest to the front page or within the first section are those that editors consider to be the most important and relevant to their readers. Feature Articles Feature articles report about an issue, person, or event with added depth and more background details. Byline A byline appears at the beginning of an article and gives the writers name. Editor An editor decides what news will be included in each paper and determines where it will appear according to relevance or popularity. The editorial staff determines content policy and creates a collective voice or view. Editorials An editorial is an article written by the editorial staff from a specific perspective. The editorial will offer the newspapers view of an issue. Editorials should not be used as a main source of a research paper, because they are not objective reports. Editorial Cartoons Editorial cartoons have a long and fascinating history. They offer an opinion and convey a message about an important issue in an amusing, entertaining, or poignant visual depiction. Letters to the Editor These are letters sent from readers to a newspaper, usually in response to an article. They often include strong opinions about something the newspaper has published. Letters to the editor should not be used as objective sources for a research paper, but they could prove valuable as quotes to demonstrate a point of view. International News This section contains news about other countries. It may address relationships between two or more countries, political news, information about wars, droughts, disasters, or other events that impact the world in some way. Advertisements Obviously, an advertisement is a section that is purchased and designed for selling a product or idea. Some advertisements are obvious, but some can be mistaken for articles. All advertisements should be labeled, although that label might appear in small print. Business Section This section contains business profiles and news reports about the state of commerce. You can often find reports about new inventions, innovation, and advances in technology. Stock reports appear in the business section. This section could be a good resource for a research assignment. It will include statistics and profiles of people who have made an impact on the economy. Entertainment or Lifestyle The section names and traits will differ from paper to paper, but lifestyle sections typically offer interviews of popular people, interesting people, and people who make a difference in their communities. Other information concerns health, beauty, religion, hobbies, books, and authors.

School Bullying And High Schools - 1877 Words

All across the United States children in schools are going through an unescapable problem presented as bullying found in elementary, middle, and high schools. This issue can affect everyone, those who are bullied, those who bully, and those who witness bullying. School bullying can be taken in two different ways direct and indirect; including name-calling, teasing, malicious rumor spreading, and physical violence. Once thought of a normal part of growing up is now recognized as a serious problem that must be stop at an early age. Among all age groups children between 7 and 12 most often are the main target. Sadly most every kid experiences bullying and as children mature the types of bullies tends to change into more physical aggression. In order to reduce bullying knowing the signs such as torn cloths, missing possessions, requests for extra lunch money, dropping grades, and refusing to go to school can all be indications that a child is being bullied. To prevent children from bein g harmed by school bullying, professional educators and parents have a duty to understand the complexity of bullying in U.S. schools and take action. Besides disrupting classroom activities, school bullying generally harms children s ability to learn at school, and has been shown to contribute to truancy and dropout rates. As I look at resources pertaining to this issue the only way to improve bullying is to successfully use a method to form a bullying prevention program. The planning model thatShow MoreRelatedShould Bullying Be Banned? High School?876 Words   |  4 PagesBullying is a trend that is starting to grow every day in the past few years. Kids are being steadily picked on from elementary, middle, and high school. High school kids have it worse than the others schools do just because they have more access to dangerous things that can cause serious harm and death to others. I agree that bullying should never be allowed in high school because of the damage it can do to a pe rson’s self- esteem, confidence, and the mental destruction it does to a kid at thatRead MoreThe Effects Of High School Bullying On American Youths1808 Words   |  8 Pages Preventing High School Bullying in American Youths This report aims to introduce and discuss the history of high school bullying in American youths, identifying and explain its origins and causes, and provide recommendations on how to prevent this issue and optimise development. The Bronfenbrenner s Bioecological Model will be employed to highlight the interaction between American bullied youths and their environmental contexts. Part A: Introduction and Background Bullying is not a new problemRead MoreDoes bullying affect high school aged students?800 Words   |  4 PagesDoes bullying affect high school aged students? The purpose of this research is to developed to see if high school students are affected by bullying and cyberbullying in school. This is a nation wide problem that is affected by all cultures. Overall half of all high school students say the have been bullied in the past, with nearly as many saying they have been victims of bullying in high schools. This is a problem for a lot of kids all over the world and many kids are having a high depressionRead MoreThe Effects Of Bullying On High School Students Academic Performance2172 Words   |  9 PagesThe Impact of Bullying in Schools Bullying has been a long existing problem in schools and unfortunately it still is today. â€Å"20% of U.S. students in grades 9–12 experienced bullying† (Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance — United States, 2013, 2014). Olweus (1996) stated, bullying is when â€Å"a student is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other students† (p. 275). The results of bullying can lead to a lot of negative problems in a student mentally, physicallyRead MoreWe Need to Stop the Bullying at Mitchell High School Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesBullying surrounds todays society. It is to the point where the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention declared bullying the third leading cause of death in between the ages of ten and twenty four (Thompson). Almost daily, a new story is broadcasted on the news about someone getting beat to death or killing themselves because of bullying. In fact, on April twenty-ninth of this year, a seventeen year old high school student got brutally beaten outside of school on her way home. She madeRead MoreBullying Is An Old Age Problem Essay1680 Words   |  7 Pages Bullying has been an old age problem since the beginning of time, which is still a problem till this day in age. No matter what stage someone might be in life, there is a possibility that you may have been in the position of a victim, bully, and/or bully-victim? An aggressive behavior of bullying might be seen as an act that begins in early childhood and decreases around late adolescence years, but that isn’t the case. Regrettably, being harassed or tormented by aggressor can continue in a higherRead MoreBullying Is A Common Problem Among Children And Adolescents996 Words   |  4 PagesBullying is a common problem among children and adolescents (Wang, Nansel, Lannotti, 2011). Bullying takes different forms include physical (hitting), verbal (name-calling), and rational (social isolation) which are ty pically known as traditional bullying or cyber bullying which occurs on the internet (Wang, Nansel, Lannotti, 2011). The purpose of the paper is to examine the situations and contexts that promote cyber and traditional bullying by reviewing studies that suggest (1) increased technologyRead MoreExposure to Gender Based Violence and Its Influence on Bullying Behavior919 Words   |  4 Pagesviolence and its influences on bullying behavior at Belmopan Comprehensive High School. This study will not identify a student by name that displays: ïÆ'Ëœ The highest level of exposure on Gender Based violence at home or school. ïÆ'Ëœ The effects of the exposure to violence at home. ïÆ'Ëœ The student’s collaborative academic work performance in his or her classroom. Also, this study will not reveal the methods used by administration and staff at Belmopan Comprehensive High School to punish the student. NorRead MoreBullying : Bullying And Bullying769 Words   |  4 PagesThrough a recent survey, Burton High School has incidents of female and males being physically bullied on the premise and cyber-bullying. The females reported more Cyber-bullying, off-school premises, through text massages and social media outlets. The males reported a higher rate of physical bullying on the school premise than the females. Students reported the occurrence of physical intimidation preventing younger students to access hallways. Also, student’s who are perceived as â€Å"different† areRead MoreProposing a Solution Essay Bullying767 Words   |  4 PagesSolution: Bullying Bullying among American elementary, middle and high school students is a growing problem. Bullying has been defined many ways, by many people. One definition is unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived imbalance of power. (stopbullying.org). Bullying is a very negative act and honestly needs to be stopped. This essay will provide my solution for the growing bullying problem in our schools. Over the years, bullying has become

Rules to Teamwork Essay Example For Students

Rules to Teamwork Essay The Challenges of Teamwork Working on teams can normally prove very challenging, with all of the variations in personalities, strengths, and weaknesses, most of these issues are raised face to face with individuals, and can be resolved by finding a room to sit and talk them out. Working on virtual teams is more challenging, since there are a lot of things missing from the person-to- person contact, such as: Lack of visual cues to understanding context. Many people write email and talk on the telephone in a manner which is completely different than they would talk in person; things that are taken as insults could actually be jokes, or things that are taken as jokes could actually be insults. Lack of a communication mesh. Generally, teams work well when cubicle to cubicle talk occurs; when people wander around asking questions. Its difficult to wander from place to place all the time when your team is scattered all over the world. At the same time, virtual teams have some advantages. For instance, its easier to think through your response when writing an email than when talking in a meeting, which is a good and a bad thing. Its harder to brainstorm when you arent willing to just throw out ideas (people are often afraid of saying things that make them look stupid in email, because they think about it before they send it). But its easier to have rational discussion when everyone can (not that they always do) let things sit for some time rather than replying in emotion. Several things that came up in our discussion are that virtual teams are also like normal teams in many ways, so many of the normal team rules apply. Web Research Several links came up dealing with virtual teams when searching the Internet. While each of these has valuable information and suggestions on making a virtual team work, only one seemed to have strong content that was useful: http://www.courses.psu.edu/comm/comm488_amh13/eclassroom/tipeffective.html Rules for Virtual Teams After some discussion, we came up with the suggested set of guidelines for working within virtual teams. 1. Teams rely on the ability to ask questions and get answers freely. The team should , therefore, foster an environment in which there are no dumb questions. .

Waste Management Scandal Essay Sample free essay sample

Dean Buntrock established Waste Management. Inc. in 1968. Its chief intent is to pick recycling and garbage up from residential lodging and concerns. WM besides disposes of the refuse in landfills. It has grown to be the largest refuse disposal company in the U. S. today. This company has managed to last â€Å"one of the most crying accounting frauds we have seen† said Thomas C. Newkirk of the SEC. This accounting dirt lasted from 1992 to 1997 and was the consequence of legion improper disbursal accommodations to blow up Waste Management’s net incomes. They besides falsely recorded liabilities. depreciation. salvage value of assets and the utile life of those assets to run into jutting net incomes. Buntrock was the impulsive force of the dirt. He set the jutting net incomes and encouraged the Numberss to be manipulated to make those net incomes. Inaccurately lengthening the utile life of the refuse trucks and exaggerating the salvage value of them. We will write a custom essay sample on Waste Management Scandal Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page in bend reduced the one-year depreciation disbursals. inflating net incomes. accomplished this. In other instances points in old periods that have no salvage value attached to them all of a sudden were given salvage values. Additionally. landfills were non depreciated as they were filled with refuse. GAAP requires landfills to be depreciated in the same mode as equipment. In Waste Management’s fiscal statements. about all landfills were carried at cost and were non depreciated as they became filled with refuse. They besides inflated the environmental militias ( liability ) to make a modesty of hard currency to conceal unrelated operating disbursals. This allowed for net income to be inflated every bit good. Waste Management besides committed other improper recordings while seeking to conceal the old year’s fraud. Since the dirt continued for old ages the hyperbolic net incomes reported at the terminal of one twelvemonth would go the footing for the undermentioned old ages every bit inflated jutting net incomes. The bulk of this use. known as gauze and geographics. was done at corporate central office. The â€Å"top-level adjustments† eliminated about $ 490 million in current period operating disbursals and accrued misstatements. This $ 490 million came from the sacking use when they offset their disbursals with unrelated additions on the sale of assets. The geographics use allowed them to travel 1000000s of dollars to different subdivisions of the income statement to â€Å"make the financials look the manner we want to demo them† said James Koenig. one of the primary forces behind the dirt. However. none of the deceitful activities would hold gone unknown for so long without the assistance of the hearers. Arthur Anderson LLP. involved with Waste Management. Buntrock did non move entirely in this dirt. Many of his high-level associates had a manus in this fraud. Other cardinal participants included: Phillip Rooney ( President. COO and CEO for a period of the dirt ) . James E. Koenig ( CFO and Executive VP ) . Thomas C. Hau ( VP and Chief Accounting Officer ) . Bruce D. Tobecksen ( VP of Finance ) . and Herbert Getz ( Senior VP. General Counsel and Secretary ) . Each member of this dirt greatly profited in some manner. Buntrock made over $ 16. 9 million during the dirt. Rooney earned $ 9. 2 million. Koenig over $ 900. 000. Hau reaped over $ 600. 000. Tobecksen over $ 400. 000 and Getz gained $ 450. 000. Although the top degree directors benefited in this state of affairs. the stockholders suffered greatly. They lost a sum of around $ 6 billion dollars in the market value of Waste Management’s stock. By the terminal of the dirt Waste Management’s stock monetary values dropped about 33 % . Overall. Waste Management’s net incomes were overstated by over $ 1. 7 billion. As clip progressed. the magnitude of overstatement drastically increased. In 1992. the per centum overstated was 14. 9 % and in 1995 the per centum overstated was 77. 6 % . In the last twelvemonth of the dirt ( 1996 ) Waste Management really netted a loss of $ 39. 000. 000 but after the â€Å"top degree adjustments† they made over $ 190. 000. 000. During a alteration in direction during July of 1997. the new CEO requested a reappraisal of the accounting patterns of Waste Management which showed the deceitful activity. This led to the restatement of the fiscal statement of the past five old ages. It besides caused the dirt to travel public and the former top degree directors to be prosecuted. In t he terminal. they had to pay a sum of over $ 30 million in mulcts and barred Buntrock. Rooney. Hau and Getz from of all time being an officer or manager of a public company. None of them served clip in gaol since the instance was settled outside of the courtroom. Arthur Andersen LLP seemed to merely acquire a smack on the carpus by being censured by the SEC and received a little mulct compared to that of the top degree directors of Waste Management. Waste Management someway recovered from this calamity. The new direction. including A. Maurice Myers. has drastically changed the manner things are done at Waste Management. He made certain the employees were all happy which included a alteration the paysheet system and improved benefits. He besides asked the clients for their feedback and changed to suit their demands. Overall. through the necessary alterations Waste Management underwent. they greatly improved their fiscal state of affairs. Stock monetary values went up approximately 85 % from 2000 to 2003. Waste Management was taken off the shit list and set on the investing list by many evaluation bureaus in 2003. In 2008. Waste Management was named one of the world’s most ethical companies by Ethisphere.

Summary the book entitled `Youth Gangs in American Society Essay Example

Summary the book entitled `Youth Gangs in American Society Paper When a gangster is constantly nagged, abused, condemned and neglected by the society, one turns into a bitter individual. Heartfelt care and concern, an understanding approach, and tender regard for one’s feelings are necessary pre-requisites to heal the inner wounds. Coupled with this, one needs to learn to forgive and forget gangster’s past in order to help one build a new identity. One’s being a gangster is not important; how one became the gangster is the issue. Inequality in society and the related economic, social maladies are the root causes of the criminal activities by the gangsters. The inner core of every human being is essentially divine, even of the worst villain. It just needs to be revealed to help one align oneself with the true personality. Apart from the legal strategies, community-based interventions are necessary to prevent the downward march of the gangster to help to shape as a worthy individual/ citizen and create favorable conditions to jo in the mainstream of the society. Randall G. Shelden holds Doctorate in Sociology from the Southern Illinois University. He specializes in subjects like gangs, female crime and delinquency, crime control and history of criminal justice and he is therefore eminently suited to write the book on youth gangs. In the book, â€Å"Youth Gangs in American Society†, the authors have done research and survey on the basis of the existing literature as for the origin of gangs and their activities in America. The root cause for gangs sprouting up, gang typographies etc are discussed. Gangs have a peculiar culture surrounding them. They have a system of working, their own traditions and unwritten rules of mutual interaction. They are loyal within their ‘own society’.   Given proper chance and avenues of rehabilitation, they are willing and wish to change. Barring a few exceptions, to which criminality is the way of life, others are pushed to the fold of gangs due to circumstances beyond their control. The des perate situations in their lives made them so. Contrary to popular belief that the gangster is a rough and tough individual, there is no denying the fact that an intensely shattered personality lies within the four walls of the prison, when a gangster is arrested and imprisoned, and his psyche needs constant care. Upon acquittal or on release, he has to restart and rebuild his life from the scratch that too amidst a society that is not likely to assimilate him easily and willingly. Whether guilty or not guilty, the prison stamp shall remain for ever on the forehead of the gangster. From where does he get the strength to erase it or will he not mind the impression of additional stamps? A gangster needs the assurance from the society that there is a life outside the gang-life and it is worth a fair try. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary the book entitled `Youth Gangs in American Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Summary the book entitled `Youth Gangs in American Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Summary the book entitled `Youth Gangs in American Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Gang members belong mostly to the combustible younger generation. They are there because they are not accepted and wanted elsewhere. The authors provide authentic clues to the structural, historical, and cultural context for the birth of gangs. A gang must have a leader to plan strategies and execute them. The authors write, â€Å"A stereotype of the gang leader is someone who is tough, with a long criminal history, and who has strong influence over a long period of time.†(Shelden,   2000, p.36). Just as there are local level problems and national level problems, gangs have a similar identity and the treatment to them needs to be on similar lines at the appropriate levels. Urban gangsters have become a â€Å"class† to themselves. The educated youngsters taking up this mode to become gangsters is the highly disturbing trend. When other than economic factors contribute to the birth and growth of the gang culture, the managers of the society in political, social or relig ious areas, should do concrete thinking   to arrest the trend. The birth of â€Å"girl gangs† is a matter for concern. The steady growth of gangs in Los Angeles, Milwaukee and Chicago and the manner in which they control the underworld activities all over the country, calls for national level strategies to counter them, according to the authors. Piece-meal approach on the basis of victims and the victimizers is no permanent solution to the issue. The psychological and social components need to be clearly identified and continuous long term projects be evolved to give attention to the issues on perennial basis. Nine categories of gangs have been broadly identified by the authors. They are: Hedonistic/social gangs, party gangs, instrumental gangs, predatory gangs, scavenger gangs, serious delinquent gangs, territorial gangs, organized/corporate gangs and drug gangs. (Shelden, 2000, p, 37-38) Gang-culture is nothing new. In good old days, they operated in the jungles and we have often read in fables about the gangs robbing the high-way travelers. Now their presence is in the concrete-jungles and they operate using modern methods and weapons. At the end of the American Revolution, gangs sprouted in New York City and Philadelphia. Their numbers and consequently the number of violent incidents increased in proportion to the levels of immigration and major population shifts in 1800s, 1920s, 1960s and 1990s. The globalization concept has caught up with the gangs speedily and that is the real threat to Nations. So, discussion on issues related to gang culture has often been in the agenda at interna tional forums. Gangs were once not more 10-15 member outfits. Now they have established themselves into international criminal networks with affiliation. Two important Hispanic gangs, Calle 18 and Mara Salvatrucha, established in Los Angeles in 1960s have fraternal links to about 300,000 members in Central America and Mexico. Apart from cities, these gangs are deeply entrenched in the rural areas. About the type of gang members, the authors write, â€Å"The most common method of distinguishing among different gang members is the base on the degree of attachment to, and involvement in, the gang. It might be useful to think of a continuum from complete involvement.†(Shelden,   2000, p.38). The activities of the gangs are the same old stories through the Ages like   extortion, smuggling, arms and drugs trafficking and armed robbery (also bank robberies).When two or more neighboring nations have common porous borders, the operations of the gangs becomes   easy. Rules and regulations vary f rom one country to another.   Countries concerned may not have extradition treaty to secure the deportation of a particular gang leader. The terrorist links with the drug-traffickers has added new dimension to the problem. Such activities are related to social as well as security threat for the Nations. The political leadership in a particular country may overtly or covertly patronize a particular gang to secure political advantage and cause problems for the unfriendly country. The octopus-like growth of gangs needs to be controlled by treating the basic causes. Cosmetic approach to the issue will aggravate the situation is USA. The root causes, like economic reforms, new employment generating schemes and policies and on the operational side, better co-operation, monitoring and exchange of information at the local and national levels, to deny space for gang activities, periodical meeting and better co-ordination amongst the law enforcement agencies and above all, strict monitoring of the entry and movement of the migrant labor force, are some of the steps needed. The co-operative security links between he neighboring countries also needs to be strengthened. The unabated growth of the number of gangs demands serious attention of all wings of administration. The number of cities that had gang problems in the year 1970 was 270. In 1998, they were 2500, the growth rate being more than 800%.The National Youth Gang survey of 2002 reveals that there were 21,500 gangs with the active membership of 731,500. 85% of the gang members reside in 4 large cities. Conclusion: The US administration is seized of the issue at the highest level. The U. S. Department of Justice’s Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention has initiated programs such as parent training, re-entry programs, tracking of former offenders, job programs for youth, truancy and dropout prevention, etc. Private sectors programs like Boys and Girls Clubs have helped to rehabilitate the street children. In 2005, President George Bush pledged $150 million over three years to faith-based and community groups to help the troubled youth. Randall G Sheldon’s book takes a comprehensive look about the Youth Gangs in American Society, by elaborately discussing   subjects like, what do gangs and gang members look like, the gang structure, criminal activities of gangs, girls and gangs, why are there gangs, gangs in context: inequality in American Society, Community-based and national intervention strategies, legal intervention strategies etc. Human Society today is confro nted with grave and dangerous challenges. The gang culture concerns both internal and external affairs administration of a country. We need to sharpen our insight into the essence of situations we are in and to comprehend better the root causes of the current crises, if we are to set correctly the problems related to the gangs. In the process of industrialization, urbanization and globalization, the human communities have lost sight of common values in forming a cohesive whole and, as a result, all sorts of social contradictions and conflicts manifest themselves. A sense of collectivity is disappearing, ethical norms are tattered; and such social ills as environmental decay, poverty, racial and social discrimination, and violence, which threaten co-prosperity of humanity, are all the more prevalent. Chapters 7 and 8 of the book specially look into this aspect of the gang culture. Summary the book entitled `Youth Gangs in American Society Essay Example Summary the book entitled `Youth Gangs in American Society Essay When a gangster is constantly nagged, abused, condemned and neglected by the society, one turns into a bitter individual. Heartfelt care and concern, an understanding approach, and tender regard for one’s feelings are necessary pre-requisites to heal the inner wounds. Coupled with this, one needs to learn to forgive and forget gangster’s past in order to help one build a new identity. One’s being a gangster is not important; how one became the gangster is the issue. Inequality in society and the related economic, social maladies are the root causes of the criminal activities by the gangsters. The inner core of every human being is essentially divine, even of the worst villain. It just needs to be revealed to help one align oneself with the true personality. Apart from the legal strategies, community-based interventions are necessary to prevent the downward march of the gangster to help to shape as a worthy individual/ citizen and create favorable conditions to jo in the mainstream of the society. Randall G. Shelden holds Doctorate in Sociology from the Southern Illinois University. He specializes in subjects like gangs, female crime and delinquency, crime control and history of criminal justice and he is therefore eminently suited to write the book on youth gangs. In the book, â€Å"Youth Gangs in American Society†, the authors have done research and survey on the basis of the existing literature as for the origin of gangs and their activities in America. The root cause for gangs sprouting up, gang typographies etc are discussed. Gangs have a peculiar culture surrounding them. They have a system of working, their own traditions and unwritten rules of mutual interaction. They are loyal within their ‘own society’.   Given proper chance and avenues of rehabilitation, they are willing and wish to change. Barring a few exceptions, to which criminality is the way of life, others are pushed to the fold of gangs due to circumstances beyond their control. The des perate situations in their lives made them so. Contrary to popular belief that the gangster is a rough and tough individual, there is no denying the fact that an intensely shattered personality lies within the four walls of the prison, when a gangster is arrested and imprisoned, and his psyche needs constant care. Upon acquittal or on release, he has to restart and rebuild his life from the scratch that too amidst a society that is not likely to assimilate him easily and willingly. Whether guilty or not guilty, the prison stamp shall remain for ever on the forehead of the gangster. From where does he get the strength to erase it or will he not mind the impression of additional stamps? A gangster needs the assurance from the society that there is a life outside the gang-life and it is worth a fair try. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary the book entitled `Youth Gangs in American Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Summary the book entitled `Youth Gangs in American Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Summary the book entitled `Youth Gangs in American Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Gang members belong mostly to the combustible younger generation. They are there because they are not accepted and wanted elsewhere. The authors provide authentic clues to the structural, historical, and cultural context for the birth of gangs. A gang must have a leader to plan strategies and execute them. The authors write, â€Å"A stereotype of the gang leader is someone who is tough, with a long criminal history, and who has strong influence over a long period of time.†(Shelden,   2000, p.36). Just as there are local level problems and national level problems, gangs have a similar identity and the treatment to them needs to be on similar lines at the appropriate levels. Urban gangsters have become a â€Å"class† to themselves. The educated youngsters taking up this mode to become gangsters is the highly disturbing trend. When other than economic factors contribute to the birth and growth of the gang culture, the managers of the society in political, social or relig ious areas, should do concrete thinking   to arrest the trend. The birth of â€Å"girl gangs† is a matter for concern. The steady growth of gangs in Los Angeles, Milwaukee and Chicago and the manner in which they control the underworld activities all over the country, calls for national level strategies to counter them, according to the authors. Piece-meal approach on the basis of victims and the victimizers is no permanent solution to the issue. The psychological and social components need to be clearly identified and continuous long term projects be evolved to give attention to the issues on perennial basis. Nine categories of gangs have been broadly identified by the authors. They are: Hedonistic/social gangs, party gangs, instrumental gangs, predatory gangs, scavenger gangs, serious delinquent gangs, territorial gangs, organized/corporate gangs and drug gangs. (Shelden, 2000, p, 37-38) Gang-culture is nothing new. In good old days, they operated in the jungles and we have often read in fables about the gangs robbing the high-way travelers. Now their presence is in the concrete-jungles and they operate using modern methods and weapons. At the end of the American Revolution, gangs sprouted in New York City and Philadelphia. Their numbers and consequently the number of violent incidents increased in proportion to the levels of immigration and major population shifts in 1800s, 1920s, 1960s and 1990s. The globalization concept has caught up with the gangs speedily and that is the real threat to Nations. So, discussion on issues related to gang culture has often been in the agenda at interna tional forums. Gangs were once not more 10-15 member outfits. Now they have established themselves into international criminal networks with affiliation. Two important Hispanic gangs, Calle 18 and Mara Salvatrucha, established in Los Angeles in 1960s have fraternal links to about 300,000 members in Central America and Mexico. Apart from cities, these gangs are deeply entrenched in the rural areas. About the type of gang members, the authors write, â€Å"The most common method of distinguishing among different gang members is the base on the degree of attachment to, and involvement in, the gang. It might be useful to think of a continuum from complete involvement.†(Shelden,   2000, p.38). The activities of the gangs are the same old stories through the Ages like   extortion, smuggling, arms and drugs trafficking and armed robbery (also bank robberies).When two or more neighboring nations have common porous borders, the operations of the gangs becomes   easy. Rules and regulations vary f rom one country to another.   Countries concerned may not have extradition treaty to secure the deportation of a particular gang leader. The terrorist links with the drug-traffickers has added new dimension to the problem. Such activities are related to social as well as security threat for the Nations. The political leadership in a particular country may overtly or covertly patronize a particular gang to secure political advantage and cause problems for the unfriendly country. The octopus-like growth of gangs needs to be controlled by treating the basic causes. Cosmetic approach to the issue will aggravate the situation is USA. The root causes, like economic reforms, new employment generating schemes and policies and on the operational side, better co-operation, monitoring and exchange of information at the local and national levels, to deny space for gang activities, periodical meeting and better co-ordination amongst the law enforcement agencies and above all, strict monitoring of the entry and movement of the migrant labor force, are some of the steps needed. The co-operative security links between he neighboring countries also needs to be strengthened. The unabated growth of the number of gangs demands serious attention of all wings of administration. The number of cities that had gang problems in the year 1970 was 270. In 1998, they were 2500, the growth rate being more than 800%.The National Youth Gang survey of 2002 reveals that there were 21,500 gangs with the active membership of 731,500. 85% of the gang members reside in 4 large cities. Conclusion: The US administration is seized of the issue at the highest level. The U. S. Department of Justice’s Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention has initiated programs such as parent training, re-entry programs, tracking of former offenders, job programs for youth, truancy and dropout prevention, etc. Private sectors programs like Boys and Girls Clubs have helped to rehabilitate the street children. In 2005, President George Bush pledged $150 million over three years to faith-based and community groups to help the troubled youth. Randall G Sheldon’s book takes a comprehensive look about the Youth Gangs in American Society, by elaborately discussing   subjects like, what do gangs and gang members look like, the gang structure, criminal activities of gangs, girls and gangs, why are there gangs, gangs in context: inequality in American Society, Community-based and national intervention strategies, legal intervention strategies etc. Human Society today is confro nted with grave and dangerous challenges. The gang culture concerns both internal and external affairs administration of a country. We need to sharpen our insight into the essence of situations we are in and to comprehend better the root causes of the current crises, if we are to set correctly the problems related to the gangs. In the process of industrialization, urbanization and globalization, the human communities have lost sight of common values in forming a cohesive whole and, as a result, all sorts of social contradictions and conflicts manifest themselves. A sense of collectivity is disappearing, ethical norms are tattered; and such social ills as environmental decay, poverty, racial and social discrimination, and violence, which threaten co-prosperity of humanity, are all the more prevalent. Chapters 7 and 8 of the book specially look into this aspect of the gang culture.

A Useful Plan of a Linguistics Research Paper Writing

A Useful Plan of a Linguistics Research Paper Writing Writing process is always a complicated thing which requires additional analytical, critical thinking, and research skills. In addition, any academic paper demands a serious preliminary study. It differs both from the art or technical text, and from the journalistic article. According to the specifics of any paper, it requires the particular means of its creation. The words â€Å"research paper† fully characterizes contents and the primary objective of the statement: description of results of own research. The structure of the essay is subordinated to the fundamental objective of the research. The process of research paper writing is thorough and profound work. Thus, it demands the maximum concentration of thought and imagination along with specific knowledge and skills. However, it is easier to write the research paper when you have some guidelines which can help you highlight the possible directions for you. Is Linguistics Worth Studying? The linguistics is first of all the science about language. Such understanding means an examination of all aspects of the phenomena. Linguists seek how to simulate the unconscious knowledge of the native language by adults and development of the first language by children. They aimed at investigating the structure of the specific languages and human language in general, describing a variety of languages in the world, and, at last, studying how language influences our daily communication and in what degree it defines our perception of the world around. Linguists investigate how we master the native language, and how our knowledge of the language is connected with other cognitive processes, as it varies in different regions. Linguistics examines the structure of various language components (for example, sounds and word combinations) and their interaction, describes and explains a variety of language substructures. Many linguists are engaged in the field work, collecting material which allows them to understand better the concrete languages and human language organization. They work with carriers of the most different languages to investigate the particular phenomena of their grammar and/or to describe these languages entirely. Still, linguists use big databases (or cases) and perform well-elaborated experiments with children and adults at schools, in field conditions, and in university laboratories to understand better how any language works. What Is Linguistics Research Paper? Linguistics research paper is the independently written academic work which shows the ability of the student to analyze linguistics literature, empirical material (for example, words, idioms, phrases). In essence, it is the final stage of any linguistics course which includes the theoretical and practical knowledge obtained during studying. It is not recommended to limit your linguistics research paper only to the theoretical bases. The essential point of the whole linguistics research paper is creating a specific statement considering the chosen linguistics problem and describing your results obtained with the help of specific instruments: methodology, research methods, etc. Thus, it is obvious that the research paper is not the compilation of paragraphs from different Internet and other sources without any references. The Linguistics research paper writing is not an essay where you share the comments on the language destiny and/or meaning of life in a free form. The linguistics res earch paper is your scientific text where, except correctly issued quotes from works of other scientists, your analysis and your conclusions are the solution to a scientific problem. Why Is Linguistics Research Paper Important? With the help of linguistics research paper you learn how to: compare the different points of view on a stated problem; form an own position (especially concerning questions which seem to you general and irrelevant); analyze the facts (on the example of that small fragment of language which you will choose); state thoughts (in particular, according to the requirements of a certain style – in this case, the scientific one); follow the rules (technical registration of work, structuring material, etc.). plan (time, work, volumes); present the information logically. At last, a linguistics research paper is one of the most personal components of education. It is considered that you investigate the topic which is attractive and challenging for you; elaborate the problem important for you, and, therefore, you try to solve it in the best way. How to Choose an Ideal Topic for Linguistics Research Paper? Our Writers Advise Very often, the most difficult thing in writing is to choose the appropriate topic. Definitely, the success of writing the paper and completeness the thought statement in many respects depends on the right topic. Therefore, it is advisable to pay considerable attention to this issue. Try to define the sphere of linguistics you would like to study and then define the problem in this sphere which needs to be solved. At least, you will find a general understanding of the desirable topic. Also, you can ask your professor for help. No less important is to formulate an exact and specific subject, avoiding generalization. Good Topics Examples Specific topics and questions which solves the particular problem. Language as Semiotic System; Idioms and Their Transformation in Newspaper Headings; Semantic Fields as the Way of Language World Picture Realization; The language of Media as a Reflection of World Changes: Global and Local Vocabulary; Interpenetration and Interference of Terminological, Common, and Colloquial Vocabulary. Bad Topic Examples Too generalized statements which do not contribute to science and do not solve any problem. What Is Language? History of the English Language; Phraseologisms in the Arabic Language; How to Translate Terminology. How to Make the Competent Outline for the Research Paper? Planning and elaborating the structure is one more critical point of organizing and writing the linguistics research paper. If you do not take into consideration some essential rules for creating the outline, it surely will negatively affect the result of the whole academic work. In this regard, pay attention to the fundamental structure of the research paper which has to be followed strictly. On the basis of the structure, you will be able to elaborate on the helpful outline for your linguistics research paper. Structure of the Linguistics Research Paper What rules of the writing of the linguistics research paper exist? The main is that the research paper must stick to the established structure. Following the structure, it is possible to create an algorithm (the sequence of actions) of research paper writing. To write the excellent linguistics research paper, you only must follow the step-by-step instructions, relying on own experience, by many tests and mistakes. The contents of the analysis for different subjects can be different, but its structure always quite rigid. Any research paper surely contains the basic elements without which it is impossible to write a thorough analysis. Title (name of your work); Abstract (short summary of the task and subtasks which you will consider within your research; it should also include keywords the specific terms critical for your paper); Introduction (consists of the general statement of the problem, its exploration degree, and thesis which states the main objective of your research paper); Methodology (ways of obtaining the necessary material for studying); Research methods (ways of analyzing the obtained material); Results (your findings); Discussion (explanation and application of the theoretical knowledge in the field); Conclusion (includes the answer to your main question and generalized results); Recommendations (this section contains the explanation where the results of your research can be applied and how they contribute to the general understanding of the problem); Reference list (sources used for writing the paper). How to Choose a Methodology? There are plenty of ways which can be helpful in obtaining the material for further analysis. The method of field researches assumes collecting and the analysis of primary data according to the purpose of concrete research. Many linguistics studies assume use of primary information in various forms (for example, dialectal words, professional vocabulary items, etc.). To the most widespread methods of collecting primary information for observation, an experiment and poll panel, or focus group method. Observation is one of the possible ways of collecting primary data when the researcher conducts the direct observation of the persons involved in the analyzed situation, for instance, a communicative act. How to Choose Your Research Methods? Linguistics methods do not represent a uniform set of the principles, and ways of research, and the description of language entities. It is impossible to provide a sufficient explanation of linguistic methods for all linguistics or general scientific paradigms. However, it is possible to allocate methods, directed to the solution of problems of descriptive and theoretical linguistics and to proceed from some generalized ideas of the current state of linguistics and its methodical preferences. There are various research methods which can be helpful for studying any particular linguistics aspect. You are free to choose those methods which are the most suitable for your research. For instance, the distributive method is a method of linguistics research which implies the classification of language units and studying of their properties only on the basis of the distribution of the considered units in the speech, i.e., on the basis of their compatibility. By means of a final set of semantic components, it is possible to describe an unlimited set of lexical units. The technology of semantic multipliers allocation consists in consideration of words and allocation of some signs breaking words into different classes and semantic groups, for example, on such signs as animate/inanimate, male /female, etc. It is possible to mark out also more differentiated signs for classes of words, for example, animals, fishes, birds, people, etc. Thus, the value of each word is represented as a set of such semantic multipliers. The linguistic research paper also can imply the application of deduction and induction. The process of scientific research in such situation can be bidirectional: from the facts to entities or from entities to the facts. An inductive method of the organization of scientific process in a whole consists in collecting and documentation of the concrete phenomena (facts) with their subsequent generalization and transition from the facts to the entities which are their cornerstone. The deductive method as a starting point assumes, on the contrary, the postulation of entities based on certain assumptions and check of the reality of these entities for their compliance (or discrepancy) to the observed facts. Methods of differential calculus are applied, mainly, by consideration of such phenomena at which conditions language units and their properties continuously change. The following group of techniques is united by the approach based on the analysis of substantial characteristics of the speech. A specific place is taken by qualitative and quantitative analysis of the speech or language, so-called content analysis. Among methods of the content analysis, the methods developed within psychoanalysis are widely known. How to Find Sources? Information requires search on the Internet and work with files. Before starting writing directly, it is necessary to collect enough information considering the chosen topic. One of the main sources of information is, of course, the Internet. The worldwide network gives really huge opportunities for the fast, high-quality writing of the linguistics research paper. However, it concerns mainly the theoretical part, for writing the discussion section, because the methodology and results section require specific fieldwork. Moreover, it is advisable to find some information in libraries and databases. Despite the power of the Internet, it should not be considered as the only source of information for writing the linguistic research paper. The literature found in a library is capable of enriching your material considerably. List of valuable sources for a linguistics paper includes: Sharifian, Farzad. Cultural Linguistics: Cultural Conceptualisations and Language. John Benjamins Publishing Company., 2017. Becker, Annette, and Markus Bieswanger. Introduction to English Linguistics. UTB, 2017. Martin, J. R. Systemic Functional Linguistics. Routledge, 2015. How to Cite Sources Properly? Creating the reference list also has its specific features. Thus, it is recommended to address Owl Purdue Writing Lab which contains all nuances considering appropriate sources’ citing. Some Useful Reminder In the Discussion section, you can provide the history of studying the problem you chose, providing the information from the peer-reviewed articles. To write the Discussion chapter, you have to read the main literature on the subject of your research, formulate the main problems considered in works of predecessors, and state it in a condensed form with quotes. In other words, it is necessary to tell accurately and systemically what is already known on this subject. It is good if you manage to allocate various approaches to studying your language units, various understanding of terms, etc. In that case, do not forget to write to which scientific attitude you adhere. It is even better if you are able to formulate what aspects of a problem have not received due lighting in works of other scientists, etc. In the Results section, you should describe the findings you got from your research. Just tell in details what was made by you. It is recommended to translate the analyzed words and statements in foreign languages; you will better understand what you write. Conclusion requires the summary of your findings, while Recommendation part implies including all prospects of research. All in all, be attentive with the structure of the paper, cite the specific information you use, and proofread the text of your work to avoid grammar, lexical, and stylistic errors. Remember that your contribution to linguistics can appear quite important, so try to make your research paper useful in practical and theoretical terms. Consequently, your findings might shed light on some challenging linguistics aspect.

Describe at least 5 scenes of the movie Rossie the Riveter Review - 2

Describe at least 5 scenes of the Rossie the Riveter - Movie Review Example It was explained that Lewis worked with a strong white woman from Arkansas who would smooth down the other side of the rivet once it went through. Also, bucking required more strength and Riveting required more skill. What is interesting is that we have a black woman and a white woman working side by side, completing two different but equally important roles. This is interesting because much of the country still employed segregation policies and having blacks work alongside whites seems significant. The next important scene was the analysis of Rockwell’s painting of Rosie the Riveter. What is important to note is that the character has both strong masculine and feminine features. The feminine features are that she is wearing lipstick, nail poish, penny loafers, rouge, she keeps a compact and handkerchief in her pocket, her visor looks like a halo and she is depicted as eating which is considered a domestic practice. Rosie’s masculine features are that she has a leather arm band, she has big arms, dirty overalls (women didn’t typically wear pants), and Rosie is carrying a large and heavy riveting gun. This is significant because it really portrays that women can complete the tasks necessary to get the job done but also hold onto their feminine identity. The next scene is the discussion of the US Office of War Information publishing the magazine of war guide which was aimed at giving ideas to the publishers of magazine for how to attract female workers. This was described as a government lead effort to recruit women workers. Ultimately this is significant because it represents that the government officially recognized that women were important not only for domestic roles but also for industrial and other commercial roles. The next scene follows the same trend as the last scene in which the War guide in September 1943 recommended that all magazines write about women in the workplace with the goal of emphasizing that all jobs that women completed